Background and objective: Air pollution by dust of the main problems in the country's West Frontier that is effective role on general health of residents. The presence of bacteria in the air and dust and their harmful effects on human health have been reported in various studies. This study is done to identify the bacteria natural air (free from dust) to dust polluted and compare both the number and diversity of their environment by FAME technique.Materials and methods: samples of natural air and dust contaminated with Particle deposition method on the plate or gravity and using sterile petri plates containing nutrient medium BHI Agar from 5 points in the city in 15 and 30 minutes was conducted in the summer. Plate transported to the laboratory and was incubated at 37oC for 24 to 48 hours. After the growth of bacterial colonies using biochemical tests and techniques FAME Bacterial colonies grown on the medium was studied and identified.Results: A total of 1114 bacterial colonies were counted on 30 plates collected from 5 locations. With Gram staining methods, MacConkey agar medium and Biochemical tests of 13 different bacteria were identified. In the dust air of the city of Ilam at 15 and 30 minutes most of the genus Rhodococcus (15 minutes) and Bacillus (30 minutes). From1114 colonies were counted; the number of 170 colonies of natural air and 944 colonies was dust in the air. The results showed that the highest number of bacteria has been gram-positive cocci in natural air and gram-positive bacilli in the dust air and was not observed pathogenic bacteria in natural air and dust.Conclusion: The results showed that due to the high number of bacilli and spores bacteria in the air of dust are more resistant to adverse environmental conditions and that thereby the survival of most of them.

Safflower with low oleic acid content is one of the native plants of Iran. Generally,, high oleic acid oils have more oxidative stability than the oils with high linoleic acids . Genome editing technology enable us to obtain oilseeds with high oleic acid. In this research, two guide RNA sequences were designed to target of Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FAD2-1) gene, which were located within the coding region and at a distance of 640 base pairs from each other. The guide sequences along with the codon optimized Cas9 gene were cloned in the T-DNA region of the Agrobacterium construct and transferred to the safflower by the In-planta method. The resulting seeds were cultivated and the plants were screened to track changes in the fatty acid profile of the seeds. The results showed that the amount of oleic acid in the seeds of one of the lines reached 53.14% on average. This line had four amino acid changes (L66F, N204D, S236A and I238V) at the same time. This is while the amount of oleic acid in the control plant was measured as 11.62% on average. The results showed that in the segregating generation, the change in fatty acid profile occurred in the line with homozygous amino acid change, and the heterozygous plants have the same oil profile as the control plants. Also, the results of this research can indicate the possibility of increasing the amount of oleic acid in oilseeds by changing the FAD2 enzyme sequence and without gene knockout.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana and N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne and modified Walne media) and two microalgae species, including I. galbana and N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total and daily fresh and dried biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) content and total and daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth and production performance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated and unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species. However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana and N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana. Palmitic acid and stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium. This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium for higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, and biomass production in N. oculata and I. galbana microalgae.Microalgae species can produce oil and protein in non-cultivable lands, reducing the need for defrosting and can have an important role in reducing carbon foot-print of animal production. One of the most valuable products of microalgae is their oil, which ranges from 20 to 50% of the dry weight of microalgae (Brennan and Owende 2010; Leonga et al. 2018). The I. galbana is often grown on farms to produce oils that contain large amounts of PUFA rich in omega-3 long chain FA, such as EPA and DHA (Gouveia et al. 2008). Species of the genus N. oculata are also known to be rich in EPA (Kagan et al. 2014; Borges et al. 2016). Factors such as nutrient quantity and quality, light, pH, turbulence, salinity, and temperature are the most important parameters on which, the growth of microalgae depends (Lavens and Sorgeloos 1996; Converti et al. 2009; Emmanuel and Nelson 2016). Vitamins regulate biochemical reactions in microalgae (Hakalin et al. 2014) and the growth rate of some microalgae species is highly dependent on some the vitamins such as cobalamin, biotin and thiamine (Tandon et al. 2017). However, the effect of vitamins on the growth, diversity, and productivity of microalgae has been poorly studied (Arif et al. 2019). The effects of different Nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as the main limiting nutrients on growth performance and biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata had been evaluated previously (Andersen 2005; Zarrinmehr et al. 2020). However, there was not any report about effects of modifying the availability of culture medium sources of nitrogen and phosphorus. In the composition of the Walne medium, No3-, Po4-, and Cl- are considered as anions, and Na+, Mn+, Co+, Zn+, and Cu+ are considered as cations. Cations chelating anions and making them less available to microalgae. So, we hypothesize that changing the concentration of cations in the culture media, without increasing the concentration of N and P sources, will change the availability of anionic compounds for microalgae and consequently affects microalgal production and composition. Therefore, the effects of lower levels of cations including ZnCl2, CoCl2. 6H2O, (NH4)6Mn7O24, and CuSo4. 5H2O and higher levels of B1 and B12 vitamin in Walne medium on the growth rate, biomass production performance, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of I. galbana and N. oculata, were investigated in this study. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different culture mediums based on the Walne medium on the growth rate, chemical composition, and fatty acid (FA) profile in I. galbana and N. oculata. This experiment was done in a factorial design with two culture media (Walne and modified Walne media) and two microalgae species, including I. galbana and N. oculata. The results showed that the modified culture medium increased total and daily fresh and dried biomass production of I. galbana and N. oculata. Modified culture media increased crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) content and total and daily lipid production in both the studied species. However, in both the studied culture mediums, N. oculata had higher growth and production performance compared to I. galbana. Modified growth media also affects the FA profiles of the studied microalgae species. Total saturated and unsaturated FA content was not influenced by the growth medium but modified media increased poly unsaturated FA (PUFA) at the expense of mono unsaturated FA (MUFA). Omega- 3 FA content (linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was increased as a result of the medium modification in both species. However, linoleic acid content was affected differently in I. galbana and N. oculata. The linoleic acid concentration was reduced in modified medium grown N. oculata but increased in I. galbana. Palmitic acid and stearic acid contents were also decreased in both of the studied species in the modified medium. This study develops microalgal cultivation using a modified Walne medium for higher CP, CF, EPA, DHA contents, the ratio of omega3: omega6 FA, and biomass production in N. oculata and I. galbana microalgae.

Fifteen fertile rams (live weight 55. 9 ± 1. 21 kg, and 2. 5-3 years old) were randomly allotted to three diets consisting of 0 (Control), 12. 5 (PBP-12. 5), and 25 % (PBP-25. 5) pistachio byproducts (PBP) in dry matter. Sperm motility parameters were detrimentally affected in animals feeding on PBP-25% diet (P<0. 05). Sperm concentration of C17-1, C22-6-n-3, C18-2-Cis and C22-6 n3 fatty acids decreased but that of C18-0 and C18-1-Cis fatty acids increased at the highest level of dietary PBP. The results indicated that 12. 5% PBP in dry matter, as a cheap by-product, may be included in the ram diet for extended periods without any discernible detrimental effects on sperm characteristics. However, fertility trials need to be performed to substantiate this conclusion.